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Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration reforms
(詳細はUlysses S. Grant there were reforms, investigations, and prosecutions implemented by President Grant, Congress, and several of his Cabinet members. Historians have traditionally focused on President Grant Administration scandals, while some historians have noted this is an exaggeration, since Grant established the first Civil Service Commission, and ended the moiety system. Many in his Cabinet including his Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and his Secretary of Interior Jacob D. Cox implemented Civil Service reform in their respected departments. Historian H.W. Brands has noted that the Grant Administration thwarted the 1869 Gold Ring in addition to the successful prosecution the Whiskey Ring in 1876. The Grant Administration took place during Reconstruction and a boom and bust economy following the Civil War that fueled financial corruption in Government offices. The Grant Administration was known to fluctuate between the forces of reform and corruption. Several of Grant's Cabinet members supported and implemented Civil Service reform in their respected federal departments. President Grant signed a bill into law that allowed the Postal Department to prosecute pornography through the mail, a law that is still in effect today. President Grant appointed several leading reformers including Hamilton Fish, Benjamin Bristow, and Edwards Pierrepont. During his first administration Grant prosecuted and shut down the Ku Klux Klan under the Enforcement Acts he signed into law in 1870 and 1871. Grant, a trained military leader, was often at odds with Cabinet reformers whom he believed were insubordinate to his administration. On several occasions Grant dismissed Cabinet reformers without notice or explanation.
== Thwarted Gold Ring (1869) ==
In September 1869, financial manipulators Jay Gould and Jim Fisk set up an elaborate scam to corner the gold market through buying up all the gold at the same time to drive up the price and actively encouraging gold investment by speculators. The plan was to keep the Government from selling gold, thus driving its price, while Gould promoted that a higher price of gold would help farmers gain more profits overseas on a good year of crops. President Grant's Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell had implemented a policy of monthly sales of Treasury gold to reduce and pay off the national debt, caused by the Civil War. This federal Treasury policy affectively kept the market price of gold low. Desiring the government to stay out of the gold business, President Grant stopped Boutwell's monthly sale of Treasury gold in September. Keeping track of the rapid rising price of gold at Gould's banking house in New York, President Grant and Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell ordered the sale of $4 million in gold on (Black) Friday, September 23. The result of releasing the gold by President Grant and Secretary Boutwell thrawrted Gould's and Fisk's plan to corner the gold market. After the treasury gold was released, the market price of gold dropped. The effects of releasing the gold by President Grant and Secretary Boutwell, however, had temporary detrimental effects on the economy as stock prices plunged and food prices dropped, devastating New York Bankers and southern farmers for months.〔Smith 2001, pp. 481–490.〕
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